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2025年5月15日

新しい関税の状況

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2025年5月15日

新しい関税の状況


グローバル・エクイティ・オブザーバー

新しい関税の状況

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2025年5月15日

 
 

ドナルド・トランプが大統領執務室に復帰してから1ヶ月間は、ニュース記事に事欠くことはありませんでした。就任後30日間で、米大統領は70以上の大統領令に署名しましたが、移民問題と関税が優先事項のトップに挙げられているようです。

 
 

4月2日を“解放の日”と称し、新たに公表された関税措置は、(多少の例外はあるものの)米国に輸出するすべての国や地域を対象に基本の関税率を設定し、一律で10%を課すとしています。さらに、国や地域ごとに異なる税率を上乗せする形で設定し、EUや中国、日本などの米国の主要な貿易相手国に対しては、20%以上の高い関税を課すことを明らかにしました。貿易相手国が報復措置を取るか、関税率を引き下げるために米国と交渉をするかなど、各国の様々な動きが見られ、状況は非常に流動的です。関税が現在の形態に近いままである限り、米国と世界経済に著しいスタグフレーション的な影響をもたらし、経済成長を鈍化、更なる物価上昇を引き起こす可能性があります。

ファンダメンタル分析を行い、ボトムアップで銘柄選択を行う投資家として、私たちはこのような政府の動きがポートフォリオの投資先企業に与える潜在的に重要な影響の分析に努めています。以下では、関税の導入に至った歴史的背景を振り返りながら、投資先企業への潜在的な影響(直接的な影響と、微妙で複雑な影響の両方)について考察します。

「自由貿易」体制からの転換

「関税及び貿易に関する一般協定」(GATT)は、第二次世界大戦後の世界平和を促進し、国際貿易を停滞させていた関税や関税割当制度(一定量を超えると高関税)などの保護主義政策からの転換を図るため、1947年に締結されました。制度が開始した1948年初頭に米国はこの協定に参加しましたが、その当時の米国の貿易収支は黒字であり、協定によって米国は、大きくて成長する市場に、より参加し易くなりました。1 第二次世界大戦後、日本のような多くのGATT加盟国は、魅力的な輸出品のおかげで、急速な経済成長を遂げることができましたが、それを輸入する米国は貿易赤字となりました。その後は、米ドルは他国通貨に対して強くなる傾向(1980年代に始まり、現在まで続いている)が見られ、少なくとも米国の消費者にとっては、輸入品は魅力的となりましたが、結果として、米国の製造業は安価な海外製品との過酷な国際競争に苦しむことになったのです。

過去40年間、米国の貿易赤字は平均して国内総生産(GDP)2の約3%で推移していますが、世界において、米国の製造業が占める割合は2002年の28%から現在は16%3まで低下しています。トランプ大統領の選挙運動における関税の大幅引き上げの公約は、現在の経済システムに不満を抱くブルーカラー層から支持され、さらに重要なことは、大統領選挙で得票の一助になった可能性が高いということです。トランプ大統領は、自身が提案する関税が米国企業を守り、製造業を米国に戻し、米国の労働者に雇用を創出するとともに、長年続いている貿易赤字を縮小する助けになると信じていると発言しています。しかしながら、関税は消費者にとってインフレを引き起こすでしょうし、企業にとっては、過去数十年にわたって続いてきた自由貿易体制に比較して不安な影響を与える可能性があるため、全体的な影響は依然として不確実な状況です。このことから、消費者の信頼感を悪化させ、経済成長を鈍化させる可能性があります。ピーターソン国際経済研究所は、米国が10%の普遍的な関税を課し、貿易相手国から報復があった場合、関税を導入してから2年間で、米国の経済成長は1%低下し、その後も経済成長に対して、継続的な減速を引き起こすだろうと提言しています。4

関税が米国経済の改善の手段として効果的かどうかは議論の余地がありますが、すでに発表された関税引き上げは、以前の自由貿易体制からの明確な転換を意味しています。ポートフォリオ全体に対する関税の潜在的な影響を分析すると、大まかに直接的な影響と不確実のある微妙で複雑な影響に分けることができます。

直接的な影響

現況では、クオリティを重視する私たちのポートフォリオの構成銘柄は、モノを扱う企業よりもサービスを扱う企業に偏っています。この点から、多くの保有銘柄は関税の直接的な影響を受けにくいと考えています。また、ポートフォリオのモノを扱う企業では、現地生産や高い粗利益率、価格決定力によって、関税の影響が軽減される可能性があります。

私たちの高クオリティ企業で構成されるポートフォリオ全体を見渡してみると、消費者関連企業と米国以外の半導体企業(運用戦略によってポートフォリオに含まれている場合)は、トランプ政権が発表している保護主義的な政策から、何らかの直接的影響を受ける可能性が高いといえます。

ポートフォリオの高クオリティの消費者関連企業については、高い粗利益率と価格決定力により、同業他社に比べて、相対的に有利なポジションにあると考えています。高い粗利益率によって、関税の影響を緩和するための必要な値上げが小さくて済みます。そして仮に値上げが必要な場合には、価格決定力によって値上げを行うことが比較的容易です。例えば、保有している高級品ブランドや美容ブランドの企業は、欧州で製造された商品を米国に出荷しているため、関税の影響を受ける可能性がありますが、高い粗利益率の恩恵を受けています。また顧客層は、これらのブランドのファンであり、比較的富裕層であることから、当該企業は強い価格決定力を持っています。ポートフォリオで保有する米国の自動車関連商品の小売企業も、その強力な価格決定力を考えると、大きな影響を受ける可能性は低いでしょう。同社は、海外から一定の商品を調達していますが、それらは大抵必要不可欠な商品であるため、同社の価格決定力が強く及びます。それでもやはり、特定の産業については、関税の影響を受けることは認識しています。例えば、国際的な飲料、蒸留酒、ビール業界は、生産地から米国へ輸入するコストの上昇に直面しています。また、米国外市場では、米国ブランドの商品が消費者によるボイコットや報復的な行動を受けている状況です。

私たちが保有している米国以外の半導体関連の銘柄(運用戦略によって保有している場合)は、関税の影響を受けるか、あるいは米国内の生産と米国への投資を増やして罰則を回避するだろうと予想しています。また、関税が発生した場合でも、私たちが保有する半導体企業は市場において非常に強力なポジションを確保しているため、少なくとも初期段階では、当該半導体企業の顧客はコスト上昇による値上げを受け入れざるを得ないでしょう。しかし構造的には、関税によって業界全体の半導体チップの需要が低下し、長期的には業界の設備投資が減少する可能性があります。なおそれよりも、生成AIの導入に向けた、より予測不可能な行く末が、おそらく、より大きな不確実性の根源であると言えるでしょう。

不確実のある、微妙で複雑な影響

関税の二次的および長期的な影響はさらに不確実であり、微妙かつ複雑である可能性が高いといえます。他国が報復措置を取る可能性もあり、例えばEUは米国の巨大テクノロジー企業を報復のターゲットとするかもしれませんし、中国は米国のテクノロジー企業が必要とする製造部品の輸出を禁止するかもしれません。また、マクロ経済的な影響もあります。インフレ上昇は金利を引き上げ、そのため経済サイクルにおける信用回復が遅れることから、特に住宅ローンの貸出に関して、金融機関に間接的に影響を与える可能性があります。インフレは企業の利益率を引き下げますが、ポートフォリオの保有銘柄は価格決定力があるため、利益率が維持できると考えます。

大きな未知の要素

関税の影響は、今後どのように進展していくのでしょうか?関税がインフレを引き起こす限り、米国の消費者や企業の利益率に圧力が掛かることになります。米国大統領の「戦略的に曖昧な」政策によって不確実性が高まっているにもかかわらず、現在の株式市場は大きな期待に特徴付けられています。もし関税や他の政策によって、中国の強烈な反発を招いたり、または歴史的な同盟国との関係断絶に向かった場合、このような地政学的な問題の発生は、市場にとって歓迎できないサプライズとなる可能性があります。より広い視点から考えると、米国の関税が、例えば貿易戦争を引き起こすことによって経済全体の減速を招く場合でも、歴史的に見て、私たちの高クオリティ企業によって構成されたポートフォリオは、投資先企業の価格決定力と継続的な売上によって、その利益が市場全体よりも遥かに耐久性があることが、再び証明されることでしょう。

 
 

1 出所:世界貿易機関(WTO )
2 出所:米国セントルイス連邦準備銀行
3 出所:世界銀行
4 出所:「The Economist」誌掲載記事、The Peterson Institute for International Economics(ピーターソン国際経済研究所)

 
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