Insights
Climate Transition in a Portfolio Context: What Matters and What to Measure
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Insight Article
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July 01, 2020
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July 01, 2020
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Climate Transition in a Portfolio Context: What Matters and What to Measure |
Introduction
Climate change is an economic reality and a growing risk that investors, businesses and governments are learning to address. As the impacts of climate change mount, as shown in Display 1, it has become well understood that greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activity are the primary cause of climate change, and must decrease dramatically in order to avoid the worst projected economic and environmental impacts.1
Source: NatCatSERVICE, Munich Re, March 2018
Specifically, the global economy must limit average global temperature rise to 1.5˚C above pre-industrial levels. By 2050, this will require reaching a “net zero” emissions state in which any emissions produced would be offset by removing others from the atmosphere.2 However, the global economy is off-track. As shown in Display 2, global emissions are currently anticipated to increase over the next 10 years, instead of falling by half.3
Decarbonization, or the systematic effort of governments and companies to align themselves with a low-carbon economy through the reduction in carbon emissions, has moved to the forefront of business and investment conversations.4,5 We believe that this trend will continue to gain momentum and will impact corporate performance for decades to come. This, in turn, will give rise to compelling investment opportunities and affect the way that investors build and manage their portfolios in the short, medium and long term.
In our view, investors must employ a broad set of climate metrics alongside traditional measures of financial performance to be successful in a decarbonizing economy. In this paper we will describe several of these metrics, particularly those relevant to public equities, and discuss how they can be used to address key questions that investors are likely to face as they work to support decarbonization and protect investment performance from climate transition risks.6
Display 2: Annual Global Carbon Emissions Are Off-Track from Global Climate Goals7
Source: UN Environmental Programme, Emissions Gap Report 2018.
Source: Greenhouse Gas Protocol
Every company is responsible for three types of carbon emissions:8
Decarbonization in a Portfolio Context
The first step that investors can take toward decarbonization is to determine the aggregate level of emissions currently generated by the companies within their portfolio in order to set the portfolio’s emissions baseline (see Box 1). Investors can then use this figure as a benchmark to measure their progress toward achieving a “net zero” portfolio over time. However, the global economy will decarbonize over several decades and progress will not be uniform. During this multi-year process of decarbonization, most investors will need to dynamically adjust their holdings to manage risk and allocate to companies and sectors that they believe will be strong contributors to performance over various time horizons.
In our view, a broader set of climate metrics can enable a more holistic understanding of the risks and opportunities that the decarbonization pathway presents and potentially help avoid unintended biases or tilts in equity portfolios. We describe five key climate metrics in Display 3.
Much as they would for alpha, sector, style and geography, equity investors should consider and articulate a clear set of decarbonization preferences to inform appropriate portfolio construction. Once these are established, certain combinations of climate metrics may warrant greater emphasis than others.
For example, some investors may prioritize limiting exposure to high-emitting companies or sectors as a means to mitigate future downside risk. Here, carbon emissions, carbon intensity or industry sector may be the most salient metrics. Other investors may prioritize investments proactively contributing to decarbonizing the real economy. In this case, closer attention may be placed on climate change revenues and strong emissions reduction targets.9 For investors taking a holistic approach to ESG integration, emissions reduction targets or carbon earnings at risk may factor into analysis where most material to certain industry sectors.
In Display 4, we seek to demonstrate how investors can use these metrics in support of their specific decarbonization objectives.
While not an exhaustive list, we believe these climate metrics can equip investors to address four important and interconnected questions that are likely to arise as they seek to align their portfolios with a decarbonizing economy in accordance with their overall performance goals.
QUESTION 1: How Do Sector and Security Selection Decisions Impact Carbon Intensity at the Portfolio Level?
Much like traditional performance attribution, carbon intensity can be driven by a combination of sector and security selection. In a portfolio context, relative allocations to high-emitting sectors, such as energy and utilities, or low-emitting sectors, such as financials and communication services, can have an outsized impact. By the same token, sectors with a wide range of emissions intensities, such as industrials or consumer discretionary, present a significant opportunity to optimize the carbon profile through individual security selection.
Display 5 shows the weighted average and range of carbon intensity for sectors of the MSCI ACWI universe as an example. This type of analysis can complement other efforts to manage sector exposures across a olio in relation to a given benchmark.
Display 5: Scope 1 & 2 Carbon Emissions Vary Significantly by Sector10
QUESTION 2: How Can We Determine if a Company is Headed in the Right Direction?
As backward-looking and point-in-time metrics, carbon emissions and carbon intensity cannot assess whether a company is committed to achieving carbon neutrality. However, akin to earnings guidance, many companies have begun to set public targets for reducing their emissions.12 As shown in Display 6, approximately 4 in 10 global companies—across sectors—have a confirmed emissions target today.
Display 6: Approximately 4 in 10 Global Companies Today Have a Confirmed Emissions Reduction Target13
As a baseline, a clear emissions target coupled with evidence of action toward achieving the target signals a positive “direction of travel” on decarbonization efforts, beyond what a company’s current emissions levels would suggest. While these targets are not binding and come in several forms, scrutiny has been growing from investors, regulators and consumers—including whether targets are based on absolute emissions or intensity, whether companies set interim targets, and whether companies go on to meet those milestones. Given the recent proliferation of public targets, there is also growing recognition of the need to use robust methodologies to assess the relative strength and decarbonization ambitions represented by such targets, particularly when aimed at a distant future date (e.g., 2050). As companies set, refine and make progress toward these goals, their related decarbonization investments may translate into valuation over time—particularly in high-emitting sectors.
QUESTION 3: How Will the Cost of Carbon Emissions Impact Corporate Earnings?
A more comparable forward-looking climate metric, akin to Value at Risk, is Carbon Earnings at Risk (“CEaR”). While partially a function of current Scope 1 and Scope 2 carbon intensity, CEaR estimates the present value of future earnings lost, over a given time horizon, based on the projected price path of carbon emissions under different scenarios. Such scenarios are developed based on projected shifts in energy generation mix (e.g., from fossil fuels to cleaner and renewable sources) required to keep global temperature rise under a certain threshold.14
In Display 7, we compare carbon intensity and CEaR, based on estimated carbon prices in 2025, and demonstrate that there is not a perfectly linear relationship between the two. Geographic and sector exposure, for example, are also significant determinants of CEaR.15 Holding emissions constant, companies already exposed to high carbon prices or operating in regions or sectors with lower expected carbon prices in the future will have a lower CEaR. For example, lower carbon pricing is generally expected throughout emerging economies, relative to developed economies, to account for global growth expectations and achievement of universal energy access.16
Display 7: Carbon Intensity is Only One Driver of Carbon Earnings at Risk17
Based on an investor’s time horizon and outlook on carbon pricing, CEaR should be considered dynamically, in addition to carbon intensity, for a more comprehensive evaluation of climate risk—especially in high-emitting sectors.
QUESTION 4: What Can a Company’s Revenues Tell Us About Their Ability to Succeed as Decarbonization Occurs?
The transition to a low-carbon economy will be driven by technological innovation, shifting consumer preferences for low-carbon products, changes in market prices and new policies. Individually and combined, these drivers will significantly impact revenues. A close analysis of a company’s sources of revenue, therefore, can help investors assess whether a company is positioned to succeed as the decarbonization trend progresses.
For example, companies with significant portions of revenue dedicated to mitigating the root causes of climate change (such as revenue from renewable energy and battery storage) may be well positioned for future upside potential. Conversely, companies with significant revenue from products and services contributing to climate change (e.g., fossil fuel-based energy sources and combustion engines), may be exposed to greater risk in the transition to a low-carbon economy. One way to interpret “negative” climate revenues is as a proxy for Scope 3 (downstream) emissions. Further, companies with significant revenue tied to fossil fuel activities— through production, extraction and services—may face a greater risk of stranded assets or write-downs, over time, as the global energy mix transitions away from fossil fuels to renewable sources.19
As illustrated in Display 8, climate change revenues are not perfectly correlated with emissions, and can provide another lens through which to select and evaluate companies, particularly in a thematic investment context where an investor seeks to ‘align’ a portfolio with certain real economy decarbonization outcomes.
Display 8: Climate Change Revenues Offer another Lens to Assess Climate Impact18
A Fifth Question …
An important question that we allude to, but do not fully address in this paper, is that of timing. At what point is the market likely to reward or penalize companies for their decarbonization efforts? A framework for addressing this question would equip investors to make more thoughtful strategic and tactical asset allocation decisions. We hope to explore this topic in future papers.
Over time, we also expect an evolution in climate data itself, bringing with it new methods and precision with which investors can position portfolios with respect to decarbonization. Much like the global economy’s transition to a low-carbon future, advancements in climate data may not be uniform and will require calibration alongside traditional financial performance indicators for investors.
Further Reading
Key Terms
RISK CONSIDERATIONS
ESG strategies that incorporate impact investing and/or environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors could result in relative investment performance deviating from other strategies or broad market benchmarks, depending on whether such sectors or investments are in or out of favor in the market. As a result, there is no assurance ESG strategies could result in more favorable investment performance.
There is no assurance that a portfolio will achieve its investment objective. Portfolios are subject to market risk, which is the possibility that the market values of securities owned by the portfolio will decline and that the value of portfolio shares may therefore be less than what you paid for them. Market values can change daily due to economic and other events (e.g. natural disasters, health crises, terrorism, conflicts and social unrest) that affect markets, countries, companies or governments. It is difficult to predict the timing, duration, and potential adverse effects (e.g. portfolio liquidity) of events. Accordingly, you can lose money investing in a portfolio.
In general, equity securities’ values also fluctuate in response to activities specific to a company. Investments in foreign markets entail special risks such as currency, political, economic, and market risks. The risks of investing in emerging market countries are greater than risks associated with investments in foreign developed countries. Fixed income securities are subject to the ability of an issuer to make timely principal and interest payments (credit risk), changes in interest rates (interest-rate risk), the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity (market risk). In a rising interest-rate environment, bond prices may fall and may result in periods of volatility and increased portfolio redemptions. In a declining interest-rate environment, the portfolio may generate less income. Longer-term securities may be more sensitive to interest rate changes. Real estate investments, including real estate investment trusts, are subject to risks similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate.
Alternative investments are speculative, involve a high degree of risk, are highly illiquid, typically have higher fees than other investments, and may engage in the use of leverage, short sales, and derivatives, which may increase the risk of investment loss. These investments are designed for investors who understand and are willing to accept these risks. Performance may be volatile, and an investor could lose all or a substantial portion of its investment.
Morgan Stanley Institute for Sustainable Investing
The Institute works to accelerate the global adoption of sustainable investing strategies and drive strategic sustainability initiatives across the firm. Its Advisory Board, comprising prominent leaders from business, academia and leading non-governmental organizations, guides the Institute’s work.